Sound perception is so critical to survival of fish that the hearing anatomy is fully developed within two days of hatching, when fish are just developing swimming and other sensory capabilities. Unlike humans, which have external ears, fish have two organs for hearing that are not obvious to the casual observer. Fish have an internal ear and an external lateral line system. The lateral line is an organ of microscopic pores primarily used to sense vibrations and pressure in the water (Figure 3.3; Montgomery et al. 2014). The pores are lined with neuromasts, which contain sensory hair cells (Figure 3.4). Each hair cell has bundles of cilia embedded in a gelatinous structure, called the cupula. Water movements deflect the cupula and ciliabundles, creating a change in membrane potential that is transmitted to the sensory neuron. Figure 3.4: Schematic of the lateral line system of fish. Movements of water in the lateral line canal cause the cupula to move, thereby stimulating sensory hair cells connected to nerves. Long description. Bardach, J. E., and J. Atema. 1971. Handbook of sensory physiology, vol. 4: Chemical senses, part 2.: The sense of taste in fishes. N. A. Campbell and J. B. Reece (2005). Biology, Seventh Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California. Konishi, J., and Y. Zotterman. 1961. Taste functions in the Carp: an electrophysiological study on gustatory fibres. Acta Physiological Scandinavica 52:150–161.

Figure 3.7: Diagram shows the refraction of light at the interface of air and water and the cone-shaped range of vision in the fish. (A) Top view. (B) Side view. Kindred Grey. 2022. Adapted under fair use from “Some Important and Interesting Aspects about Yellowfish” ( https://www.fishingowl.co.za/flyfishyel2.html) and “The Science of Stalking Fish,” by Alan Bulmer, 2017 ( https://activeanglingnz.com/2017/02/01/the-science-of-stalking-fish/). Includes Goldfish top view by Oleksandr Panasovskyi, 2020 ( Noun Project license, https://thenounproject.com/icon/goldfish-top-view-3635952/) and “Fish,” by Kangrif, 2017 ( Noun Project license, https://thenounproject.com/icon/fish-1186818/). Kupprate, F., F. Hölker, and W. Kloas. 2020. Can skyglow reduce nocturnal melatonin concentrations in Eurasian Perch? Environmental Pollution 262:114324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114324. Boehm T; Zufall F (February 2006). "MHC peptides and the sensory evaluation of genotype". Trends in Neurosciences. 29 (2): 100–7. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.11.006. PMID 16337283. S2CID 15621496.

Electromagnetic fields

Fish that live in shallow, clear waters often see well in color, while other fish may see contrasts in low-light conditions. The stimulus-response model for understanding sensory systems in fish is the same model used for all vertebrate organisms. Some fish have evolved a reduced or negative capacity for some senses to match their environment. Fish in muddy water habitats often have very small eyes because vision is less important. Some fish that live in dark caves have totally lost the sense of vision. Blind cavefish use the flow-sensing capabilities of their lateral line system rather than vision to avoid swimming into obstacles. Our interactive Bubble Tubes provide switches which allow individuals to interact with them, with captivating visual and tactile rewards, designed to allow you to easily change the mood of your sensory room from stimulating and engaging – to a relaxing and calming environment, to prevent sensory overload. Andrij Z. Horodysky, previously Associate Professor at Hampton University, is Research Fish Biologist at NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center. He is a broadly trained organismal fisheries ecologist with research interests centered on the ecophysiology, behavior, and conservation biology of commercially and recreationally important estuarine, coastal, and pelagic marine fish. His research investigations use comparative interdisciplinary approaches that integrate field, laboratory, and specimen-based techniques with tools ranging in scale from microscopes to satellites.

The aquatic equivalent to smelling in air is tasting in water. Many larger catfish have chemoreceptors across their entire bodies, which means they "taste" anything they touch and "smell" any chemicals in the water. "In catfish, gustation plays a primary role in the orientation and location of food". [14] Not only will this sensory app delight your kids, it will also provide increased educational benefits. From the early stages of your babies development, they are constantly learning and absorbing information around them, they begin to see, touch, feel, hear and understand how their interactions are affecting the environment around them. Your baby will begin to learn that touching the screen will cause bubbles to be created. Your child can drag your finger across the screen to create a pattern of bubbles. Your newborn can place their hands on the screen to cause lots of bubbles to be created at all points on the screen that they are touching. a b c Grandin, Temple; Johnson, Catherine (2005). Animals in Translation. New York, New York: Scribner. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-7432-4769-8.Popper, A. N., A. D. Hawkins, and F. Thomsen. 2020. Taking the animal’s perspective regarding anthropogenic underwater sound. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 35(9):787–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.05.002. How are the senses different from a shark (an open-water predator) and a flounder (benthic predator)? 3.8 Nociception The fact that odors attract certain fish has been used by recreational and commercial fishers for a long time. Worms are often kept in damp coffee grounds because the coffee smell attracts fish. Many baits and smelly fish are used in hoop nets and traps to attract catfish, lobsters, and crabs. Trout anglers have used garlic-scented marshmallows and corn for years because they work. Numerous scents are infused in formulated baits, such as Powerbait® and Gulp®. Many oils, such as menhaden milk, herring oil, shrimp oil, and squid oil, are used as fish attractants. Shupak A. Sharoni Z. Yanir Y. Keynan Y. Alfie Y. Halpern P. (January 2005). "Underwater Hearing and Sound Localization with and without an Air Interface". Otology & Neurotology. 26 (1): 127–130. doi: 10.1097/00129492-200501000-00023. PMID 15699733. S2CID 26944504. Although it is hard to test sharks' hearing, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away. [10] A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel. The lateral line shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.

Montgomery, J. C., and A. J. Saunders. 1985. Functional morphology of the Piper Hyporhamphus ihi with reference to the role of the lateral line in feeding. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 224:197–208. Figure 3.8: Diagrammatic vertical section through the eye of a teleost fish, after Walls (1942). Kindred Grey. 2022. CC BY-SA 4.0. Adapted from “Bony Fish Eye Multilang,” by Gretarsson, 2019 ( CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bony_fish_eye_multilang.svg). The key drivers for feeding are hunger and satiety. What is chosen to eat, however, is not determined solely by physiological or nutritional needs but by other factors such as the sensory properties of food. An encounter with food odor evokes feeding agitation and searching activity in fish and in most cases precedes grasping of the detected food item. The odor of familiar or habitual food makes fish grasp and test many previously indifferent dietary items, even those that in size, shape, or coloration only distantly remind the fish of real food. Newton, K. C., A. B. Gill, and S. M. Kajiura. 2019. Electroreception in marine fishes: chondrichthyans. Journal of Fish Biology 95:135–154.You are assigned a task at work to create the perfect marketable fish bait. Draw (with color) and describe the most ideal bait for either a catfish or a tuna. Describe how this will move through the water when fished and other features that would make it more marketable to anglers. Modify your design and description after you complete your reading of this chapter. 3.3 How We Study Sensory Ecology Kalmijn AJ (1982). "Electric and magnetic field detection in elasmobranch fishes". Science. 218 (4575): 916–918. Bibcode: 1982Sci...218..916K. doi: 10.1126/science.7134985. PMID 7134985.